Process for the preparation of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine, and new intermediates

ABSTRACT

A process for the preparation of a 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl-pyridine, of the formula (I) ##STR1## comprising reacting a 2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethylpyridine derivative of the formula (II) ##STR2## in which R 1  represents alkyl, 
     with a chlorinating agent, is appropriate, in the presence of a diluent and if appropriate, in the presence of a reaction auxiliary, at a temperature between 0° C. and 200° C.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 504,783,filed Apr. 4, 1990, abandoned.

The invention relates to a new process for the preparation of2-chloro-5-chloromethyl-pyridine, which is known as an intermediate forinsecticides, to new intermediates for this process, and to a processfor their preparation.

It is known that 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine is obtained in acomplicated multi-step process when 2-chloropyridine-5-carboxylic acidis converted with thionyl chloride into the corresponding acid chloride;if appropriate, the latter is esterified with ethanol, then reduced withsodium boranate to give the hydroxymethyl compound, and the hydroxylgroup in the side chain is finally substituted by chlorine using thionylchloride (cf., for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,629; J. Heterocycl.Chem. 16, 333-337 [1979]).

The disadvantage of this process, and what is prohibitive with regard tolarge-scale feasibility, is the high price of the starting compound2-chloropyridine-5carboxylic acid and of the reducing agent sodiumboranate, which, furthermore, also presents a safety problem withrespect to the liberation of hydrogen during the course of the reaction.

Furthermore, it is known that 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine isobtained when 2-chloro-5-methylpyridine is reacted with elementalchlorine (cf., for example, DE-A 3,630,046). However, the disadvantagein this process is that the reaction does not proceed uniformly, whichmakes it necessary to interrupt the chlorination at an early stage,before the reaction could have proceeded to completion, in order toavoid the formation of substantial amounts of polychlorinatedby-products (cf. also EP-A 9,212; EP-A 65,358). The resulting mixturescan only be separated with difficulty and give products whose purity isunsatisfactory.

It has now been found that 2-chloro-5-chloromethyl-pyridine, of theformula (I), ##STR3## is obtained when 2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethyl-pyridinederivatives of the general formula (II) ##STR4## in which R¹ representsalkyl, are reacted with a chlorinating agent, if appropriate in thepresence of a diluent and if appropriate in the presence of a reactionauxiliary, at temperatures between 0° C. and 200° C.

It is surprising that the reaction of 2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethyl-pyridinederivatives of the formula (II) with chlorinating agents according tothe process according to the invention leads to an exchange of bothalkoxy groups against chlorine, since it was known from the prior artthat "Vilsmeier-Haack conditions" (that is to say phosphorus oxychloridein the presence of large amounts of dimethylformamide, with considerableamounts of waste water being produced during working-up), which are notvery suitable for large-scale industrial production, would be requiredfor converting 2-methoxypyridine into 2-chloropyridine, phosphorusoxychloride in the absence of dimethylformamide not effecting any kindof reaction. Furthermore, with less than 40% yield, this reaction givesonly a highly contaminated product which must be subjected tocomplicated purification by chromatography (cf. in this context,Synthesis 1984, 743-745).

Advantages of the process according to the invention are that the2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethyl-pyridine derivatives (II) which are used asstarting compounds are readily accessible, that the total number ofsynthesis steps is low, and that inexpensive chemicals for synthesis areemployed in the preparation of (II), it being possible for theinexpensive chemical 3-methylpyridine to be employed as the basiccompound.

If, for example, 2-methoxy-5-methoxymethylpyridine and phosphorus(V)chloride are used as the starting substances, the course of the reactionin the process according to the invention can be outlined by thefollowing equation: ##STR5##

Formula (II) provides a general definition of the2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethyl-pyridine derivatives to be used as startingsubstances. R¹ in formula (II) represents straight-chain or branchedalkyl, preferably having 1 to 6, in particular having 1 to 4, carbonatoms.

Examples which may be mentioned of the starting substances of theformula (II) are:

2-methoxy-5-methoxymethyl-pyridine, 2-ethoxy-5-ethoxymethyl-pyridine,2-propoxy-5-propoxymethyl-pyridine,2-isopropoxy-5-isopropoxymethyl-pyridine,2-butoxy5-butoxymethyl-pyridine,2-isobutoxy-5-isobutoxymethylpyridine,2-sec-butoxy-5-sec-butoxymethyl-pyridine and2-tert-butoxy-5-tert-butoxymethyl-pyridine.

The starting substances of the formula (II) were hitherto unknown. Thenew 2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethyl-pyridine derivatives of the formula (II) areobtained when 3-dichloromethyl-pyridine, of the formula (III), ##STR6##is reacted with an alcohol of the formula (IV)

    R.sup.1 OH                                                 (IV)

where R¹ has the abovementioned meaning, and with alkali metal salts ofalcohols of the formula (IV)

at temperatures between 0° C. and 150° C., preferably between 20° C. and100° C., and the product is worked up by customary methods. For example,the reaction mixture is concentrated after the reaction; after cooling,the concentrate is stirred with organic solvents (e.g., ether), saltsare separated by filtration with suction, and the filtrate isconcentrated. The residue is then purified by customary methods, forexample, by chromatography.

No model is known from the field of pyridine derivative chemistry forthe above-described route for the preparation of the new2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethyl-pyridine derivatives. It is therefore surprisingthat 2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethyl-pyridines can be prepared from3-dichloromethyl-pyridine and alkoxides.

3-Dichloromethylpyridine, which has the formula (III) and is required asan intermediate, is already known (cf. EP-A 9,212 and EP-A 65,358), butit is generally obtained as a by-product in the chlorination of3-methylpyridine.

Moreover, it has been found that 3-dichloromethylpyridine, of theformula (III), is obtained in good yields as the main product when3-methylpyridine, of the formula (V), ##STR7## is reacted with elementalchlorine in the presence of an organic acid, such as, for example,acetic acid, propionic acid, chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid,trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, methanesulphonic acid and/ortrifluoromethanesulphonic acid (preferably acetic acid) and ifappropriate additionally in the presence of an inorganic acid, such as,for example, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide or sulphuric acid(preferably sulphuric acid), and also in the presence of a free-radicalinitiator, such as, for example, azo-bisisobutyronitrile, benzoylperoxide or tert-butyl perbenisobutyro zoate, at temperatures between-20° C. and +150° C., preferably between 0° C. and 100° C., and thereaction product is worked up by customary methods, for example bytaking it up in a suitable organic solvent, such as, for example, ethylacetate, neutralizing the solution with an alkali (for example NaOH),separating off the organic phase, drying the organic phase anddistilling off the solvent.

With a view to the prior art (where compound (III) is obtained only as aby-product), the selective course of the process described above isconsidered as extremely surprising.

Formula (IV) provides a general definition of the alcohols furthermorerequired as starting substances. R¹ in formula (IV) represents astraight-chain or branched alkyl, preferably having 1 to 6, inparticular having 1 to 4, carbon atoms.

In the preparation of compounds of the formula (II), it is preferred toemploy the lithium, sodium or potassium salts, in particular the sodiumsalts, of these alcohols.

Examples which may be mentioned are: methanol, ethanol, propanol,isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, secbutanol and tert-butanol, and alsothe sodium salts of these alcohols.

Chlorinating agents which are preferably suitable for the preparation of2-chloro-5-chloromethyl-pyridine, of the formula (I), from2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethyl-pyridine derivatives of the formula (II) by theprocess according to the invention are inorganic or organic acidchlorides, such as, for example, phosphorus(V) chloride, phosphorus(III)chloride, phosphoryl chloride (phosphorus oxychloride), thionylchloride, phosgene, acetyl chloride or benzotrichloride, in particularmixtures of phosphorus(V) chloride and phosphoryl chloride.

The process according to the invention can be carried out either withoutthe addition of a diluent, in substance, or in the presence of asuitable diluent. These include, in particular, aliphatic, alicyclic oraromatic, optionally halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, for example,benzene, toluene, xylenes, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzenes, petroleumether, hexane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, dichloromethane,chloroform or tetrachloromethane.

If appropriate, the process according to the invention can be carriedout in the presence of a suitable reaction auxiliary. Possible reactionauxiliaries are tertiary amines, such as triethylamine,N,N-dimethylaniline, pyridine or 4-dimethylamino-pyridine, andfurthermore also catalytic amounts of formamides, such asN,N-dimethyl-formamide or N,N-dibutylformamide, or metal halides, suchas magnesium chloride or lithium chloride.

When carrying out the process according to the invention, the reactiontemperatures can be varied within a substantial range. In general, theprocess is carried out at temperatures between 0° C. and 200° C.,preferably between 10° C. and 120° C.

For carrying out the process according to the invention, between 1 and10 mole equivalents, preferably between 1 and 5 mole equivalents, of thechlorinating agent are generally employed per mole of2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethyl-pyridine derivative of the formula (II).

In general, the reactants are combined with gentle cooling and thenstirred until the reaction is complete, in general at a slightlyelevated temperature. The reaction product is worked up by customarymethods (cf. Preparation Examples).

2-Chloro-5-chloromethyl-pyridine, which has the formula (I) and can beobtained by the process according to the invention, can be used as anintermediate in the preparation of insecticides, (cf. EP-A 163,855 andEP-A 192,060).

PREPARATION EXAMPLES Example 1 ##STR8##

To 5.1 g (33.3 mmol) of phosphorus oxychloride there are first added 14g (66.6 mmol) of phosphorus(V) chloride and then, with cooling in anice-bath, 5.1 g (33.3 mmol) of 2-methoxy-5-methoxymethyl-pyridine inportions. The reaction mixture is refluxed for 3 hours and thenconcentrated in vacuo. The residue is diluted with ice-water, themixture is rendered neutral with 2N sodium hydroxide solution, andshaken with ethyl acetate. The organic phase is separated off, driedwith sodium sulphate and filtered. The solvent is removed from thefiltrate by distillation under a waterpump vacuum. This gives 2.4 g (45%of theory) of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine as the residue (yellowliquid).

STARTING SUBSTANCES OF THE FORMULA (II) Example (II-1) ##STR9##

A solution of 35.8 g (73% pure; 0.161 mol) of 3-dichloromethyl-pyridinein 50 ml of methanol is added dropwise to a refluxed solution of 29.5 g(0.55 mol) of sodium methoxide in 90 ml of methanol. The reactionmixture is refluxed for 4 more hours and then concentrated.

The residue is stirred with diethyl ether, sodium chloride which hasremained undissolved is separated off by filtration with suction, andthe filtrate is concentrated. The residue is purified by chromatographyon silica gel (eluent: petroleum ether/ethyl acetate, 5:1 by volume).

This gives 12.3 g (50% of theory) of 2-methoxy-5-methoxymethyl-pyridine.

¹ H-NMR (CDCl₃, δ, ppm): 2.8; 3.9; 4.4.

The following are obtained analogously:

Example (II-2)

The compound ##STR10## from 3-dichloromethylpyridine with sodiumethoxide and ethanol

¹ H-NMR (CDCl₃, δ, ppm): 3.5; 4.3; 4.4.

Example (II-31)

The compound ##STR11## from 3-dichloromethylpyridine with sodiumisopropoxide and isopropanol ¹ H-NMR (CDCl₃, δ, ppm): 4.4.

Example (II-4)

The compound ##STR12## from 3-dichloromethylpyridine with sodiumisobutoxide and isobutanol

¹ H-NMR (CDCl₃), δ, ppm): 3.2; 4.05; 4.4.

STARTING COMPOUND OF THE FORMULATE (III) Example (III-1) ##STR13##

23.3 g (0.25 mol) of 3-methylpyridine are added dropwise with stirringto a mixture, cooled in an icebath, of 25 g (0.255 mol) of concentratedsulphuric acid and 150 ml of acetic acid. The reaction mixture is heatedto 75° C., and a solution of 4.0 g of azo-bisisobutyronitrile in 30 mlof glacial acetic acid is added dropwise in the course of 8 hours, witha vigorous stream of chlorine being passed through. After the mixturehas been concentrated, the residue is taken up in ethyl acetate andrendered neutral using 2N sodium hydroxide solution. The organic phaseis filtered off with suction, dried with sodium sulphate and filtered.The solvent is removed from the filtrate by distillation under awaterpump vacuum. This gives 41 g (73% of theory, 79% pure) of3-dichloromethyl-pyridine as the residue (yellow liquid).

It will be appreciated that the instant specification is set forth byway of illustration and not limitation, and that various modificationsand changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for the preparation of2-chloro-5-chloro-methyl-pyridine of the ##STR14## comprising reacting a2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethylpyridine derivative of the formula (II) ##STR15##in which R¹ represents alkyl,with a chlorination agent selected from thegroup consisting of phosphorous (V) chloride, phosphorus (III) chloride,and phosphoryl chloride, at a temperature between 0° C. and 200° C.,optionally in the presence of a reaction auxiliary excluding DMF.
 2. Aprocess according to claim 1, wherein the chlorinating agent is aninorganic or organic acid chloride.
 3. A process according to claim 1,wherein the diluent is a halogenated hydrocarbon.
 4. A process accordingto claim 1, wherein 1 and 10 mole equivalents of the chlorinating agentare employed per mole of the 2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethylpyridine derivativeof the formula (II).
 5. A process according to claim 1, wherein 1 to 5mole equivalents of the chlorinating agent are employed per mole of the2-alkoxy-5-alkoxymethylpyridine derivative of the formula (II).
 6. Aprocess according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is a straight-chain or branchedalkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
 7. A process according to claim 1,further comprising conducting the process in the presence of a reactionauxiliary excluding DMF.
 8. A process according to claim 7, wherein thereaction auxiliary is a tertiary amine, or a metal halide.
 9. A processaccording to claim 1, wherein the process is carried out at atemperature between 10° C. and 120° C.